The Fall Of Rome

The Book is composed by Bryan Ward-Perkins, with the title The Fall Of Rome: And the End of Civilization and printed by Oxford University Pres in 2005. John Bryan Ward-Perkins was conceived in 1912 in UK. He was a British student of history and prehistorian and chief of British School at Rome. During WWII he served in military, during which he picked up the information on Tripolitania and Roman vestiges which drove him to check out history.In 1946 he acknowledged the situation of Director at British school at Rome and remained on this situation till 1974. â€Å"The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization†, addresses the general impression of present day students of history about the benevolent change from Roman Empire to Christianity. The creator adjusts this thoroughly considering archeological proof. He makes reference to that it was the happening to German clans and their drawn out impacts that prompted the disintegration of Roman Empire.The principle contention which I fi nd not quite the same as the typical reading material is the recounting story of fall of domain from the opposite side. For instance, he makes reference to that the progress of Roman Empire was neither nor serene; rather it was Germanic clans (Vandals, Visigoth) and so on who crossed the stream Rhine in fifth BC and took anything they desired forcibly as opposed to through settlements or exchanges. He contends that one of the principle purposes behind breakdown of Roman Empire was decay of Roman economy through numerous centuries.He gives a rude awakening to current perusers stunning them with reality with regards to a Rome that was trapped in monetary breakdown, uprisings from brutes and ascent of new conventionality; all of which turned into the reasons Rome breakdown. The book gives fascinating knowledge into the fall of Roman Empire from an alternate view contrasted with famous speculation in schools and course readings. I accept this book is fundamental for any history understu dy to take a gander at an extraordinary occasion of history from an alternate point of view. Reference: Bryan Ward-Perkins,The Fall Of Rome: And the End of Civilization. Oxford University Pres,2005.

Oligopolistic Market Structures And Management Of Them Economics Essay

Oligopolistic Market Structures And Management Of Them Economics Essay One useful methodology of arranging a market is by partitioning it regarding the quantity of firms on the flexibly side of the market and the purchasers focus on the interest side. Oligopoly speaks to one of the market structure where there are a not many firms on the flexibly side and an enormous centralization of purchasers on the interest side. As the purchasers can't influence the economic situations, they will receive it in that capacity and the provider will be occupied in foreseeing the opponent conduct. Oligopoly poses a potential threat in businesses of steel, oil, autos and so forth. Numerous ventures can work topographically as oligopolies. For instance banking in a modest community work as oligopoly since there will be a couple of banks in the region and the occupants will be compelled to take their business to the nearby banks.( Friedman, 1983) Oligopoly a mind boggling market structure Oligopoly is for all intents and purposes a major business. Under this market structure, the contention takes on its most noticeably terrible structure. Item advancements, forceful publicizing and inventive showcasing strategies are regularly applied to exceed one another. Oligopolistic advertise structures are the most hard to investigate as they are profoundly reliant and interlaced, where moves and countermoves are taken quickly. For instance a basic activity by Ford may prompt a response by General Motors, which thusly cause a rearrangement in Fords plan, consequently changing GMs reaction, etc. So anything can happen whenever in oligopoly. There are hardly any models that feature oligopolistic conduct. They are: Cartels A case emerges in imposing business model when all the organizations endeavor to advance association and they all commonly consent to set cost and yield. The organizations through their common coordination attempt to make a monster imposing business model. OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) is a case of a cartel stage. Value administration and Tacit Collusion It is a game plan where a couple of firms make a game plan of the valuing for the whole firm. Different firms are compelled to follow a similar value design albeit no such understanding exists in the business. For instance: In the newborn child equation industry, Abbot labs, Bristol Myers Squibb and American Home Products purposely set their costs nearer to one another to overwhelm the business. The Kinked Demand Curve This model expounds the tenacity in evaluating in an oligopolistic structure. It has been estimated in this model if for instance, a firm X brings down its cost in an oligopolistic advertise, the adversary will be compelled to bring down its cost to so as to maintain a strategic distance from the loss of its market base. The interest bend dd is along these lines the important bend if there should arise an occurrence of a value decrease. dHowever, in the event that the firm X goes at a cost increment, at that point the case wont be the equivalent. The adversaries won't mimic this time, and would keep on getting a charge out of the client service as they would escape the firm X items. For this situation the interest bend would be DD. The firm at that point attempts to stay in a section of the versatile interest bend among dd and DD. The genuine interest bend is spoken to by DAd, known as the wrinkled interest bend which quietly calls attention to the reality heads you lose, tails you lose (Baumol and Blinder, 2009) D A Cost 8 (Contenders costs are fixed) 7 D d (Contenders react to value changes) 0 Amount every year 1,400 1,100 1,000 Game hypothesis and the Oligopoly Game hypothesis has been planned to comprehend the conduct of the organizations in an oligopolistic advertise structure that don't deal with a teamed up yield and valuing. The basic supposition that will be that the huge bossy firms resemble players in a round of poker. They make the moves of bringing down or expanding the cost, to publicize or not to promote, to limit, etc, in view of their adversaries move. Understanding the settlements can place a firm in a superior situation to contend with its opponent and be in a benefit augmenting and judicious position. For instance the game between two cafés is shown as beneath: C:Documents and SettingsAnumDesktop4th assignmentUnderstanding Oligopoly Behavior a Game Theory outline Economics in Plain English_filesgame-hypothesis 1.jpeg Source: Welker, J. (2009).Understanding oligopoly conduct A game hypothesis outline. Accessible from: http://welkerswikinomics.com/blog/2009/12/15/seeing oligopoly-conduct a-game-hypothesis review// As per the above figure, both San Francisco espresso and Starbucks is following a predominant system. They are working up to amplify their result through promoting, overlooking what their rival does. In the event that S.F promotes, Starbucks wins benefit ($12 versus $10) through promoting. This implies the settlements are the equivalent. Since the two firms are getting a charge out of benefit through promoting they will do as such, however the absolute benefits are less on the off chance that when both are publicizing, when contrasted with when they are not publicizing. Be that as it may, such a condition would be a state of unsteadiness, as to promote is probably going to be gainful for both. So we state that promote/publicize is Nash harmony, as at this stage none of the firm is going to change its methodology since it is carrying impetuses to both (Jason Welker, 2009). Market disappointment because of Oligopoly Keeping in see the above hypotheses that attempt to clarify oligopolistic conduct, the market disappointment because of oligopoly can be credited to different causes. Wastefulness, precariousness and indeterminacy realized by oligopoly may bring about a market crash. The organizations incomparability is set up as the limit is set up to an ever increasing extent, yet little is delivered so as to make counterfeit boundary to section. The contenders contend based on non estimating elements, for example, overwhelming promoting, which surrenders more hold to the counterfeit hindrance to section. Costs are well above expense and value separation wins. A portion of the organizations likewise take part in self-guideline to safeguard their own benefits and piece of the pie that further detoriate the circumstance (Grewal and Kumnick, 2006). Oligopolistic firms yield and costs generously contrast based on what is socially acknowledged from them. It is additionally accepted that the deceptive no tice by the huge firms likewise tricks the shoppers and forces them to purchase items that they don't need. They force political and financial power and drift over the brain of the customers working like an undetectable hand. Market Form Number of firms in the market Recurrence in Reality Section Barriers Open Interest Results Since a long time ago Run Profit Balance Conditions Oligopoly Few Creates Large portion of GDP Changes Changes Changes Changes Source: Economics: Principles and Policy By William J. Baumol, Alan S. Blinder MC=MR applies for a benefit augmenting firm, under balance. Be that as it may, in oligopoly, MC is normally inconsistent to MR for the most part on the grounds that in oligopoly the organizations are trying to receive methodologies as per the game hypothesis, or they search for procedures, for example, expanding deals revenue driven augmentation as their definitive objective. End In a totally serious commercial center the conduct of the organizations naturally lead to a boost of shopper benefits through a proficient portion of assets. In oligopoly nonetheless, asset portion is normally isn't all around set, progressively centered is paid around confining yield trying to move costs and benefits. In an oligopoly the sky is the limit, can happen whenever anyplace, so the financial analysts are as yet unfit to plainly anticipate its conduct. Plus, its capacity to lead the market down, a few business analysts are of the conviction that oligopoly has made a critical commitment towards the financial development in the previous two decades bringing about an expansion in the normal salary of the rich countries.(Baumol and Blinder, 2009). Question two What are the suggestions for the board of organizations in such structures? Presentation Oligopoly is a market described by a couple of firms. Chiefs of a firm in such a structure know, that their firm appreciates a market power. In any case, different players have a lot of intensity as well. In the event that the chiefs go in the correct direction, appropriately evaluating the conduct of their opponents in the business, they are probably going to make a benefit. Key conduct Key conduct alludes to the organizations capacity of legitimate thought of their market force and consciousness of their adversaries move. Key conduct happens in oligopolistic structures where there is less item separation and a serious industry exists (Taylor and Weerapana, 2009) Suggestion for the supervisors The most significant ramifications for the supervisors with respect to oligopoly is the valuing practice based on shared reliance. If there should arise an occurrence of restraining infrastructure, the nonattendance of rivalry empowers the administrators to follow the MR=MC job to boost its benefit. Anyway in Oligopoly, basically following the MR=MC isnt simply enough. Model Consider, for instance the instance of Proctor and Gamble, where the supervisor employs a specialist for the intensive examination of the cost, structure and request. After a nitty gritty investigation of the structure of the body cleanser items, the administrator observes the MC=MR rule and set the retail cost at $1.99.In an unexpected move, the contenders Colgate-Palmolive , Lever siblings and so on set the cost of the similar item 10 to 15 beneath to that of delegate and bet. What the administrator is probably going to do? Possibly he can go for publicizing and substantial advancement to go up against the lower costs of the contenders or can drop its costs down. Or on the other hand he would simple be able to sit idle on the off chance that he is certain enough of the solid dependability that his image appreciates among purchasers. The fact of the matter is that, that estimating in oligopolistic structure is impossible without considering your rival. This is the pith of shared rel iance (Young and McAuley,1994) The second ramifications for the supervisors is to comprehend that it tends to be very hard to bring in cash in a serious market. Firms are required to be as much expense ef

Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Promoting Plan - Essay Example Advancement of an item is subsequently part of the showcasing dish in which a business needs their item to be broadly known to the imminent customers, the sole aim of advancement is to make the necessary mindfulness among the individuals on the presence of an item, its uses, adequacy, cost, and accessibility in the outlets. A very much organized advancement jars results into gigantic addition in the all out item deals. There are numerous different angles in a limited time blend that will be considered for this situation to do advancement in South Africa, they are talked about beneath; I. Publicizing For compelling advancement of our item in South Africa, we have thought about utilizing ad as one of our systems to meet the forthcoming purchasers. In notice, we have selected to utilize broad three alternatives, TVs, Radio, and Print advertisements. This is following the acknowledgment that with radio, we can arrive at various individuals at the same time the proficient and the ignorant . Since a gigantic piece of the populace in South Africa lives in urban zones, and that the item we plan to elevate is for the most part identified with those in urban territories, we have additionally selected to utilize TVs and Print advertisements to enhance the advancement inclusion. Given that the advancement is proposed for the acknowledgment of new item in the market, we have depleted all the potential dialects in South Africa that can be of noteworthiness; Afrikaans, Xhosa, English, Tswana, Zulu, and Tsonga dialects, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape, Limpopo, and Mpumalanga radio broadcasts will be utilized. For the TVs, we have singled out those will national standpoints and these incorporates South African Broadcasting Cooperation, MNet and DSTV, and e.tv. The Print to be locked in incorporate Beeld, City press, DailySun, Rapport, Sunday Times, and Sunday World, these paper have national standpoint. Time factor is a significant issue in advancement and it must be auspicious for the crowd focused on. For the Radio and the TVs, the limited time will be during significant news time, this is at 1 pm and at 7 and 9 pm. This time were purposely picked on the grounds that it is foreseen that the vast majority of the individuals will be mindful to get a handle on the new advancement in news everywhere throughout the nation. In the print advertisements, the advancement will be done on ends of the week in light of the fact that the vast majority of the individuals are not dedicated and will have abundant chance to peruse the majority of the paper and chances are that a large portion of the individuals will get to the data (Clow and Baack 78). In our limited time procedure, we have agreed to all the guidelines that oversee advancement in the nation, our lawful group has considered all the potential escape clauses in the advert and prompted properly. 100,000 South African Rand can continue 1-week advert in the Radio and TVs while in the print media, they serve for a month consistently. We have likewise included the Media Mix for the open connection works out, they come last however are significant in the way that they make the entire promotion speaking to the objective gathering and give the much-required notoriety. They likewise haggle for the quantity of adverts that our compensation can oversee for the advert. II. Web Advertising/long range interpersonal communication/cell phone promotions Our item will likewise be publicized in the web and other informal organizations, for example, facebook and twitter including cell phones. This is following our acknowledgment that the greater part of our focused on customers are additionally expected to be web clients. Web additionally gives a less expensive and productive method of arriving at an enormous

Gcse History Revision Notes – Germany

History Revision Notes †Germany Weimar †qualities and shortcomings The Weimar Republic After Germany lost the First World War, the Kaiser fled and another vote based administration of Germany was announced in February 1919 at the humble community of Weimar. It was too risky to even think about making an affirmation in Berlin where there had quite recently been a revolt by a Communist gathering called the Spartacists. Qualities †¢ A Bill of Rights ensured each German resident ability to speak freely and religion, and fairness under the law. †¢ All people beyond 20 years old were given the vote. †¢ There was a chosen president and a chosen Reichstag (parliament). The Reichstag made the laws and delegated the administration, which needed to do what the Reichstag needed. Shortcomings †¢ Proportional portrayal †rather than deciding in favor of a MP, as we do in Britain,Weimar Germans decided in favor of a gathering. Each gathering was then allotted seats in the Reichstag precisely reflecting (corresponding' to) the quantity of individuals who had decided in favor of it. This sounds reasonable, however by and by it was a catastrophe it brought about many little gatherings, with no gathering sufficiently able to get a dominant part, and, consequently, no administration to get its laws went in the Reichstag. This was a significant shortcoming of the Republic. Article 48 †this said, in a crisis, the president didn't require the understanding of the Reichstag, however could give orders [Decrees: Laws passed by one clergyman in a parliament, which have not been affirmed by the larger part parliament. ]. The issue with this was it didn't state what a crisis was, and at long last, it ended up being a way that Hitler used to take power legitimately. Weimar †issues 1919-1923 The Weimar Republic confronted resistance from the beginning in 1919, after the marking of the Treaty of Versailles. Financial hardship influenced the entire c ountry and prompted uprisings and assassinations.Key issues The Weimar Republic was made during a period of disarray and bedlam after Germany had lost the First World War. Numerous individuals felt that Germany had gotten a brutal arrangement in the Treaty of Versailles and they despised the legislature for marking it and consenting to its conditions. The Weimar Republic confronted rough uprisings from different gatherings, also monetary issues. Germany somewhere in the range of 1918 and 1919 was in bedlam. Individuals were starving, the Kaiser had fled and individuals abhorred the administration for marking the cease-fire to end the war in November 1918 †they considered them the November criminals.Bands of officers called Freikorps wouldn't disband and framed private armed forces. It was anything but a decent beginning for the Republic. There was consistent viciousness and agitation: †¢ In March 1920, there was a disobedience †the Kapp Putsch †that meant to brin g back the Kaiser . †¢ Nationalist fear bunches killed 356 government legislators. †¢ Many of the individuals in Germany were socialists who needed to get a Russian-style socialist government. There were various socialist uprisings. For example, in 1919 the Spartacists revolted in Berlin. [pic] The Kapp Putsch walk in March 1920, the conservative patriot Dr Wolfgang Kapp took over Berlin. The military wouldn't assault him; he was possibly crushed when the laborers of Berlin took to the streets. The Weimar government's fundamental emergency happened in 1923, when the Germans neglected to make a reparations installment ( installments made for harm caused in WW1. Some portion of T of V) on schedule, which set off a train of occasions that included: †¢ a French intrusion of the Ruhr †¢ a general strike †¢ hyperinflation †¢ various socialist uprisings †¢ an endeavored Nazi putsch in Munich Weimar †emergency of 1923The 1923 emergency started when Ge rmany missed a reparations installment. This circumstance spiraled wild and by and by the German individuals were miserable and in money related trouble, so uprisings happened all through the nation. Hyperinflation The abrupt surge of paper cash into the economy, on the general strike †which implied that no merchandise were fabricated, so there was more cash, pursuing less products †joined with a frail economy destroyed by the war, all brought about hyperinflation. Costs came up short on control †eg a portion of bread, which cost 250 stamps in January 1923 had ascended to 200,000 million checks in November 1923.German's cash got useless. Be that as it may, recall: †¢ Some individuals made fortunes during the emergency. One man obtained cash to purchase a crowd of dairy cattle, yet not long after took care of his credit by selling one cow. †¢ People on compensation were protected, in light of the fact that they renegotiated their wages each day. †¢ Pensi oners on fixed salaries and individuals with investment funds were the most seriously hit. One lady sold her home with the goal of utilizing the cash to live on. Half a month later, the cash wasn't sufficiently even to purchase a portion of bread. The Early Nazi Party The Nazi belief system: †¢ Lebensraum †the requirement for ‘living space' for the German country to extend. A solid Germany †the Treaty of Versailles ought to be abrogated and all German-talking individuals joined in one nation. †¢ Fuhrer †the possibility that there ought to be a solitary head with complete force as opposed to a majority rules system. †¢ Social Darwinism †the possibility that the Aryan race was prevalent and Jews were ‘subhuman'. †¢ Autarky †the possibility that Germany ought to be financially independent. †¢ Germany was in peril †from Communists and Jews, who must be devastated. The intrigue of the Nazis In the 1920s, the Nazis attempt ed to be everything to all people.The 25-Point Program had arrangements that were: †¢ Socialist †eg ranchers ought to be given their property; benefits ought to improve; and open ventures, for example, power and water ought to be possessed by the state. †¢ Nationalist †all German-talking individuals ought to be joined in one nation; the Treaty of Versailles ought to be canceled; and there ought to be unique laws for outsiders. †¢ Racist †Jews ought not be German residents and movement ought to be halted. †¢ Fascist †a solid focal government and control of the papers. The Nazis didn't interest: †¢ working men who casted a ballot Communist savvy people, for example, understudies and college teachers They were well known with: †¢ patriots and racists †¢ ranchers †¢ lower white collar class individuals, for example, handymen and businesspeople who were stressed over the tumult Germany was in †¢ rich individuals stressed by the danger from Communism Rebellions Unsurprisingly, the hardships made by hyperinflation prompted numerous uprisings as gatherings battled to take influence from Weimar. The Munich Putsch 1923 In November 1923, Hitler attempted to exploit the emergency confronting the Weimar government by affecting an upheaval in Munich.It appeared the ideal chance, however lack of foresight and misjudgement brought about disappointment and the resulting detainment of Adolf Hitler. Rundown from the get go, the Nazis were only a fear based oppressor gathering. Hitler collected a huge gathering of jobless youngsters and previous warriors, known as the tempest troopers (the SA), which assaulted other political gatherings. Hitler would have liked to take power by beginning a transformation During the emergency of 1923, along these lines, Hitler plotted with two patriot government officials †Kahr and Lossow †to assume control over Munich in a revolution.Hitler gathered his tempest troopers an d advised them to be prepared to revolt. In any case, at that point, on 4 October 1923, Kahr and Lossow canceled the disobedience. This was unthinkable for Hitler, who had 3,000 soldiers prepared to battle. [pic] Hitler waved a weapon at Khar and Lossow the evening of 8 November 1923, Hitler and 600 tempest troopers burst into a gathering that Kahr and Lossow were holding at the neighborhood Beer Hall. Waving a firearm at them, Hitler constrained them to consent to revolt †and afterward let them return home. The SA assumed control over the military central command and the workplaces of the nearby paper. 16 Nazis were killed in the scuffleThe following day, 9 November 1923, Hitler and his Nazis went into Munich on what they thought would be a triumphal walk to take power. In any case, Kahr had brought in police and armed force fortifications. There was a short fight wherein the police slaughtered 16 Nazis. Hitler fled, however was captured two days after the fact. For what reaso n did Hitler endeavor the Munich Putsch in 1923? 1. By 1923, the Nazi party had 55,000 individuals and was more grounded than any time in recent memory. 2. The Weimar Republic was in emergency and going to crumple. 3. In September 1923, the Weimar government had canceled the general strike, and each German patriot was incensed with the legislature. . Hitler figured he would be helped by significant patriot legislators in Bavaria. 5. Hitler had an immense armed force of tempest troopers, yet he realized he would lose control of them in the event that he didn't give them something to do. 6. Hitler would have liked to duplicate Mussolini †the Italian fundamentalist pioneer †who had come to control in Italy in 1922 by walking on Rome. Consequences of the Munich Putsch The Munich Putsch was a disappointment. Subsequently: 1. The Nazi party was prohibited, and Hitler was kept from talking out in the open until 1927. 2. Hitler went to jail, where he composed ‘Mein Kampf'.Mi llions of Germans read it, and Hitler's thoughts turned out to be very notable. 3. Hitler concluded that he could never come to control by insurgency; he understood that he would need to utilize sacred methods, so he sorted out: o the Hitler Youth o purposeful publicity crusades o mergers with other conservative gatherings o nearby offices of the gathering, which attempted to get Nazis chose for the Reichstag o the SS as his own guardian, which was set up in 1925 It was this procedure of picking up power really that in the end carried him to control. How did the Weimar Republic survive?In 1923 the Weimar Republic was wavering near the precarious edge of an extremely enormous precipice with issues, for example, hyperinflation, endeavored upsets and open d

Managing the New Enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Dealing with the New Enterprise - Essay Example Bringing value fund up corresponding to Peter and Julie’s thoughts, for example, from investors and business blessed messengers is invaluable to business visionaries. To begin with, business heavenly attendants can empower the new endeavor to make extraordinary progress; consequently, financial specialists will understand their speculations in case the undertaking is progressing admirably. Consumes (2007, p. 123) contends that business holy messengers can empower the business visionary to improve their business exercises. Besides, investment assumes a noteworthy job in driving business development and work exercises. This is significant in light of the fact that it deliverers important abilities helps in technique and dynamic; along these lines empowering the organization to build their presentation levels. It additionally permits the advancement of new advances in the business and their applications; accordingly adding to high efficiency levels. Funding isn't for each busines s person despite the fact that how productive it would be. This is on the grounds that it's anything but a business understanding needs of a business visionary, yet rather helping the business visionary to accomplish high productivity or income levels. Additionally, funding and business blessed messengers are among the most convincing powers driving business economy-wide headway to expanded business profitability. The business may concentrate on propelling major business execution implies; hence, the two value funds would be the strong powers for adding to expanded business execution. Raising investment and the business point is vital in light of the fact that it will empower new dares to create and arrive at their business objectives successfully(Fraser and Simkins 2010, p.22). Each business visionary hopes to make a triumphant business; accordingly getting enough capital for the business is significant. Berman, Knight, Case and Berman (2008, p. 46) contend that it is just a couple of business visionaries who become fruitful in raising value money for dealing with their business. It is likewise just a couple of business visionaries who can create value money and not many of them can meet the holy messenger or investment finance requirements.â

Delicious Dilemma

Delicious Dilemma What should I attend tonight? Option 1: 4th Annual LATKE-HAMENTASHEN DEBATE Today, 8:00 p.m. in Room 10-250 Dont miss this exciting debate between the fruit-filled cookies known as Hamentashen and the fried potato pancake known as the Latke. Two teams of MIT experts will present their arguments in favor of their respective type of food. Hear the arguments of these esteemed MIT professors: Hamentashen Team: Alan Guth (Physics) Daniel Kleitman (Mathematics) Alexander Slocum (Mech Eng) Latke team: Diana Henderson (Literature) Brian Robison (Music) Robert Silbey (Chemistry Dean of Science) Moderator: Walter Lewin (Physics) Join us after the debate for a reception with hundreds of latkes and hamentashen in Lobby 10. Event sponsored by MIT Hillel and supported by MITs Peter de Florez Fund for Humor, UA Finboard, and ARCADE. For information about this years debate and past years debates see: http://web.mit.edu/hillel/www/latke-hamentashen-debate.html Option 2: Tired of Ramen for dinner? Wish you could do something to make your nightly pasta taste better? Well, tomorrow is your lucky day! Julie Banda from Health Promotion and Wellness will be not only talking about how to eat better when you have to cook for yourself, but actually showing you how, too! Bronwyn, one of our wonderful Housemasters, has graciously offered the use of her kitchen to allow Julie to make some dishes that are simple, inexpensive, and nutritious! WHEN: 6 March, 8:00 PM (Monday night) WHERE: Bronwyns kitchen! (Conner 1, suite 111) WHY: Nutrition doesnt have to be tedious or boring Oh, if only all of lifes problems were this enjoyable. Option 3: The Undergraduate Association (UA) Presidential/VPial (?) debates Election 2006

Kids with Disabilities Special Testing Accommodations - 2750 Words

Kids with Disabilities Should Get Special Testing Accommodations (Essay Sample) Content: Kids with Disabilities Should Get Special Testing AccommodationsName:Instructor:Course:Date:Introduction In the 4th November, 2010 edition of the New York Times, Moore (2010) explored the suitability of the special testing accommodations. Students with learning disabilities are required to apply special accommodations from relevant bodies but some of these requests are denied. Moore (2010) estimates that ACT approves about 92% of applicants while SAT 85% of the applicants. These statistics indicate that special testing accommodations are becoming popular in the United States, but this trend is being criticized by some researchers. In this article, Moore (2010) alleges that some of the white and affluent students receive special testing accommodations, creating suspicions of exaggerated or non-existed disabilities. Other problems exist including the lack of proper regulation and lack of consensus on what constitutes disability. This paper argues that despite these chal lenges, students with learning disabilities should continue being provided with special testing accommodations. Background In the world today, there is controversy over whether; persons with disabilities should be given special testing accommodations or not. Once a child is diagnosed with a learning disability he or she is certified by the IEP team to receive special testing accommodations. The preferential treatment accorded to the special persons is permitted by the IDEA. The IDEA is a federal law requiring public schools to provide Free Appropriate Public Education to persons with disabilities. Under the act, schools are required to perform a scientific assessment to determine whether children need special education services or not.The preferential treatment accorded to the school-going children is broken down into several categories. The first category is related to the presentation, whereby school going children are provided with the right equipment and are facilitated to comp lete the assessments. Presentation is enhanced by providing the affected students with designated readers, providing the instructions in large prints and reducing the number of items per page. The second category is related to capturing the response from the students. It is a well known fact that disabled students may have problems responding to the questions asked by the examiners. It is for this reason that they are allowed to give verbal responses rather than writing the answers. Some of the schools also allow the disabled learners to give the responses through the computer. The third category is related to the improvements made to enhance the test setting. Some of the schools provide their students with preferential seating, special lighting and acoustics, and spaces with minimal distractions. To encourage the performance of the disabled persons, schools also allow them to sit for tests in small groups or in private rooms. These initiatives provide the disabled persons with a le ss-intimidating environment. Timing is considered an important element when dealing with disabled persons. In order to ensure the disabled students successfully complete the tests, some schools provide them with frequent breaks and extend the allotted time. Some of the schools also administer the test in several timed sessions or for an elongated period of time. Some of the disabled students prefer doing a test in specific times of the day or taking the subtests in different order. Others receive test preparation, on-task prompts and reasonable accommodation depending on the situation. Argument for special testing accommodationsPersons with disabilities require specialized presentation formats including visual, tactile, audio and multi-sensory facilities. Recorded tests are produced on audiotapes, compact discs and electronic files. Screen readers could also be availed to the students to change digitized text to synthesized speech. There are many other technologies and other compon ents which are used for special testing accommodations. The section below argues why schools should adopt special testing accommodations using the available literature. 3.1 Extended Time Testing Accommodation The use of special testing accommodations is supported by an article titled, how much time? A review of the literature on extended test time for postsecondary students with learning disabilities. In this article, Ofiesh and Hughes (2002) argues that students in schools deserve to be given Extended Time Testing Accommodation, one the commonly used strategies to help students with learning disabilities. Under this arrangement, students with disabilities receive up to twice the standard examination time. One of the major rationales behind extended test times is that students with disabilities take more time to complete a variety of tasks than students without disabilities. Giving students with disabilities more time to complete the test is supposed to compensate for the slower pr ocessing speed. While supporting Extended Time Testing Accommodation, Ofiesh and Hughes (2002) find that when provided with more time, disabled students are able to attain almost similar scores as their peers. However, researchers often argue that students with disabilities should not be given too much extra time as doing so would result in test scores that are invalid of academic ability. This means that school should come up with an appropriate way of deciding the appropriate extended test times. This should be done with the help of the disability service providers. The assessment should evaluate the impact of the disability on the victim and the functional limitations caused by the disability. Already, some of the studies have suggested that students should always be given one-half to double time to finish the test. The need to give students with ADHD and other students is again revisited in an article by Brown, Reichel and Quinlan (2011). The three researchers conducted a study to examine the difficulties of adolescent students and to propose ways through which their academic performance can be improved. Brown, Reichel and Quinlan (2011) used a sample of 145 adolescents diagnosed with DSM-IV ADHD. The participants underwent comprehensive clinical and psycho-educational evaluation to determine whether they should be given extended test time or not. Brown, Reichel and Quinlan (2011) found out that under standard test time, about half of the respondents failed to complete the comprehension tests. In addition, under the standard test time, less than half of the respondents were able to attain an average score (Brown, Reichel Quinlan, 2011). However, after being given extended test times, the number of the disabled students who were able to complete the test increased drastically. The results of this comprehensive study support the need to allow the students with learning disabilities more time to complete exams and assessments.The available literature has als o established that students with disabilities face many challenges unlike their peers. For instance, persons with ADHD report difficulties in reading and hence their ability to complete tests and assignments within the allotted time is greatly impaired. Student with disabilities also exhibit marked slowness in completing the assigned readings and are sometimes forced to re-read texts in order to fully grasp the meaning. According to Johnson (2000) their recalling ability is also very low and they face difficulties when using their executive functions. A number of studies have examined the effect of the slow processing speed on the ability of the students to complete the tests within the stipulated time. One of the common measures of processing speed is the rapid automatized naming (RAN) test. The students are exposed to familiar stimuli such as letters, digits and colors in a random sequence. However, students with learning disabilities take time in comprehending the text.3.2 Oral a dministration While the available literature supports the use of the extended test times, the available literature also indicates the importance of oral administration. This interventions entails the use of read aloud protocols either using technological tools such as computers, videos and audio tapes. Oral administration of tests is supported by many studies. For instance, Pitoniak and Royer (2001) evaluated the impact of the read-aloud protocol on the test performance of middle school students with disabilities. Pitoniak and Royer (2001) used a sample of 260 students: 98 sixth graders, 84 seven graders and 78 eighth graders. At the end of the study, Pitoniak and Royer (2001) found out that students with disabilities performed better under read-aloud conditions. These findings are replicated in a similar study which conducted by Elbaum (2007). The study used a sample of 625 middle and high school students in the Southeastern United States. All the students were put under testing accommodations. The findings of this study indicate that under read-aloud accommodation, students perform better. The study further established that the effect of using oral accommodation on the test score is greater for the learning disabled students than for the regular students. These results are supported by many other researchers who find that learning disabled students should be placed under accommodated conditions. Failing to do so, no doubt contravenes on their rights and puts them at a disadvantaged compared to their no-disabled peers. Indeed, oral administration is supported not only by the researchers, but also the teachers. This kind accommodation is suitable for students with print disabilities and English learners with stronger listening capabilities than reading comprehension skills. Beside the teachers, many other studies support the use of audio presentation especially in students with low reading fluency. According to Johnson (2...

Gender Roles Are Ensuring For Children - 877 Words

Gender roles are ensuring that children grow up to be mediocre. Sexist stereotypes that were functional at one time are increasingly irrelevant, causing young adults to form a safe haven from the real world. Feminists today are relishing in the results of their predecessors rather than continuing the fight. Combining the recent phenomenon of â€Å"Guyland† with failing to keep momentum in feminism we’re setting up the next generation for struggle. It is in the interest of our society to continue to strive for gender equality. Traditional gender roles shape who a child will become as they develop over time. There is nothing wrong with a woman being feminine or a male being masculine, nor is there a problem with those qualities blending. It was men and women complying with stereotypes that made up the nuclear family years ago. With the blending of those roles we do see negative reparations. An example of this would be seeing an increase of men staying home to take on some sort of car giving role whether it be for their children or family member. According to an article published by pewscoailthinktrends.org from 2014: â€Å"At-home fathers are twice as likely to lack a high school diploma as working fathers (22% vs. 10%). And almost half (47%) of stay-at-home fathers are living in poverty, compared with 8% of working fathers. This poverty figure is even higher than among stay-at-home mothers (34% of whom are in poverty), and may be due, in part, to the fact that stay-at-home fathersShow MoreRelatedThe Stand ards And School Law1129 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as National Board Teaching Standards. How do both types of support student learning? There are several standards that have been set in the education sector with the aim of ensuring that sustainable education in the society is achieved. Institutions, agencies, and laws have also been put across with the aim of ensuring that the education system is well supported. Teachers have a legal responsibility to ensure that learners have a conducive learning environment. A1. Legal and ethical responsibilitiesRead MoreAn Educator Who Understands Issues Of Diversity And Difference976 Words   |  4 Pagesclassroom in terms of the ability of a child to gain an understanding of the knowledge and skills required to be a successful student. Gender issues can be one of those concerns in a classroom that, unless they are quite obvious, can be almost disregarded because they are not acknowledged as a concern, for example, asking boys to move chairs. Stereotypical roles can be ingrained in an educators psyche. Cultural diversity is becoming more prevalent in our classrooms; it is the educator’s responsibilityRead MoreThe Egg And The Sperm By Emily Martin998 Words   |  4 PagesOur gender has an effect on every aspect of our lives, varying from how we view ourselves and other people to how we interact in social and civic life. It also impacts the way we set our goals in opportunity areas such as education, work, and recreation. Gender socialization starts at birth then manifests through family, education, peer groups, and mass media. Gender norms are automatically placed on us, where women should learn how to be nurturing, sensitive, emotional, passive, and always holdRead MoreGender And Gender Differences Among Children s Learning912 Words   |  4 PagesAs children are raised, they learn about their society and their place in it, which includes suitable behaviors which correspond with their gender identities. The socialization approach to gender differences among children views gender identification and behavior as being based on children’s learning that they will be rewarded for behaviors which are considered appropriate for their sex, but not for those behaviors appropriate to the other sex. (Cherlin 2009) In this essay, I will argue my partnerRead MoreThe Importance Of Social Justice Is Universal Across Educators1224 Words   |  5 Pagesa kindergarten in the home corner, that blended and allowed children to dr ess up for that area. The focus child is Child L who decided to dress up and was being made fun of by his fellow kinder friend, who was not accustomed to seeing his friend play in that area of the room. Body Psychologists have found that attitudes that are the most difficult to change are ones connected to ones identity. ‘Absolutely central to identity is gender’ (Educating boys - and girls 2010). The kind of social injusticeRead MoreDescribe What Your Role, Responsibilities and Boundaries Would Be as a Teacher or Trainer in Terms of the Teaching and Learning Cycle. How Might â€Å"Equality†, â€Å"Diversity† and â€Å"Inclusion† Impact on a Learner’s Experience?1081 Words   |  5 PagesDescribe what your role, responsibilities and boundaries would be as a teacher or trainer in terms of the teaching and learning cycle. How might â€Å"equality†, â€Å"diversity† and â€Å"inclusion† impact on a learner’s experience? Give examples from your own experience and research to support your assertions. â€Å"This submission is entirely my own work unless I have used quotation marks to indicate my reference to the work of others† As a teacher or trainer, there are a variety of roles and responsibilitiesRead MoreUnit 503 Qcf 5 Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pages503 CHAMPION EQUALITY, DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION In my role as senior I am responsible for ensuring that all individuals, their families, friends, carers and members of staff and those I work with (ty mawr) in partnership, are treated equally. Everyone should be treated with dignity and respect. There are many legislations, Codes of practice which ty mawr follow. The workplace policies which regulate equality diversity and inclusion with each area of responsibility. Below is a list of actsRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage Of The United States1309 Words   |  6 Pages080 a year round. People working full time with minimum wage is still below the poverty threshold for any family with children and single person is also not far above the poverty line. So, increasing the federal minimum wage to $10.10 an hour would help increase the wages for about 15 million women, which will help close the gender wage gap. Raise the tipped minimum wage: The gender wage gap is vividly observed in tipped workers. The federal tipped minimum wage, which hasn’t been changed since 1991Read MoreThe Australian Curriculum Has Been Designed With The Specific Goal Of Addressing The Needs Of All Students994 Words   |  4 Pages. With forty four percent of citizens either immigrants or the first generation of immigrants without consideration and integration of different cultural norms into the classroom room learning experience these children may be left behind (Lawrence, Brooker Goodnow, 2012 p 75), . Children of low socio-economic backgrounds fare worst of all in all measurable outcomes including lower literacy and numeracy skills, reduced higher education enrolment and graduation rates (Gorski, 2013 p). The AustralianRead MoreJohn Tosh s A Man s Place : Masculinity And The Middle Class Home932 Words   |  4 Pages1999 is an important contribution to the study of gender history, particularly within t he Victorian period. His study of the connection between masculinity and domesticity, an area very much overlooked, helps to provide a balanced view on the role of gender in Victorian England. There has been a lot of study into the female experience of the transition from the private sphere into the public sphere. However, the impact of domesticity on men, their roles in the private sphere and the separation from the

A Research Project On Eating Disorders Essay - 1161 Words

The theme of this senior thesis project in Eating disorders. According to Alissa Smith writer of Does social media play a role in eating disorders?. states that â€Å"more than 20 million women and 10 million men in the United States suffer from an eating disorder, according to the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Eating Disorders† (Smith). There are three types of eating disorders that will be shown with in this work. â€Å"Eating disorders can take several forms, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa also binge eating disorder, which is the most common eating disorder in the United States, according to the National Eating Disorder Association† (Smith). The first is Anorexia Nervosa. In this type of eating disorder is when the patient’s weight is too low. The patient has a fear of gaining weight, they also have low self-esteem about their body image. The second type is Binge Eating Disorder. Patients that binge eat often consume large amounts of food but then will self-induce vomiting. The patients often will feel guilt for binge eating and have a feeling of being out of control. Patients will often eat when they are not hungry, eat to the point of being discomfort and will eat alone since they are ashamed of their eating behavior. The third type of eating disorder that will be shown within this work is called Bulimia Nervosa. A patient with this type of eating disorder will often eat a large amount of food but then self-induced vomiting to preventShow MoreRelatedThe Field Of Eating Disorders805 Words   |  4 Pages My goal in becoming a clinical psychologist is to specialize in the field of eating disorders. After obtaining my PhD, I aspire to become a tenured faculty member at a research university, using my research and clinical training to enhance the understanding of the etiology, course, and treatment of eating disorders. As an established researcher, I will leverage my research by writing grants to addr ess my research hypotheses and disseminate my findings in journals and conferences. Additionally, IRead MoreLiving A Health Conscious Lifestyle1331 Words   |  6 Pagesfoundation for my interest in research work. Growing up, my family placed a tremendous emphasis on health, fitness, and nutrition. From an early age, I appreciated the value of living a health-conscious lifestyle. However, when my older sister, Melissa, began to struggle with an eating disorder, I saw the detrimental effects that occur when this healthy lifestyle is amplified to an all-consuming extreme. Witnessing the immense ramifications and toil that this disorder had on her instigated my interestRead MoreStudying Human Behavior : How It Impacts Decision Making, And Vice Versa987 Words   |  4 Pagesoccurred when I interned for Project HEAL, a not-for-profit organization that provides scholarships to fund treatment for people with eating disorders. I updated Project HEAL’s Twitter account in order to spread awareness about eating disorders, a duty that required me to research eating disorders, learn about the importance of treatment, and synthesize my findings into short, powerful messages for public consumption. I soon discovered how difficult eating disorders are to treat and how deadly theyRead M oreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1724 Words   |  7 PagesEating disorders are characterized by a high preoccupation with weight and an intense dissatisfaction with one’s body image (Institute of Psychiatry, 2015). Some of the most common Eating Disorders (EDs) include Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia, and Binge Eating Disorder, however it is important to note that not everyone fits neatly into any of these categories and could display symptoms and behaviors interchangeably. People who suffer from Anorexia Nervosa can be characterized as having very low bodyRead MoreEating Disorders Are An Abnormal Approach Towards Food1315 Words   |  6 PagesEating disorders are an abnormal approach towards food, causing severe changes to eating habits and behavior. (NHS, 2015). A person suffering from an eating disorder compulsively focuses on their weight and body shape. Eating disorders involve range of conditions that have an impact on individual’s personal life as well as aff ecting an individual physically and socially. The most commonly known eating disorders are: †¢ anorexia nervosa †¢ bulimia nervosa †¢ overeating – binge eating disorder AnorexiaRead MoreThe Lack Of Quality Of Sleep1492 Words   |  6 PagesRecent research suggests that the way one eats may be related to one’s overall quality of sleep. Those suffering from poor quality of sleep experience disorders such as sleep apnea, narcolepsy, Klein-Levin syndrome, and other chronic abnormal sleep patterns. The lack of quality of sleep tends to be most prevalent among adolescents and young adults. Some research links the relationship to certain intake of nutrients or to the implementation of specific diets. Others relate the issue to lack ofRead MoreMen and Eating Disorders Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesMen and Eating Disorders About seven million women across the country suffer from eating disorders including anorexia nervosa and bulimia and, as a result most research involving these disorders have only been conducted on females. However, as many as a million men may also suffer from these same disorders. Women are not the only people prone to disliking what they see when they look into the mirror. Now a days more men are worried about their body shape. Clinical reports tell us that oneRead MoreEssay on An Analysis of the Effects of Eating Disorders and the Media824 Words   |  4 PagesMany young Americans cope with this â€Å"perfect† image by developing eating disorders. Although eating disorders can affect everyone the most common stereotype is young American women. Evidence shows that eleven million women and one million men have developed an eating disorder (Stephens et al). The social pressure to conform to a certain standard mainly affects girls, due to gender socialization and the object ive theory. Eating disorders consisting of anorexia nervosa and bulimia are the result of aRead MoreResearch Study : Relationships Of Eating Competence, Sleep Behaviors And Quality, And Overweight Status Among College Students Essay1091 Words   |  5 Pages1) Research Study: Relationships of eating competence, sleep behaviors and quality, and overweight status among college students Intro: Lack of sleep has been identified as a major public health issue found to contribute to chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes (type 2) and hypertension. As sleeping habits worsened over the years, obesity and unhealthy eating trends continued to climb. In contrast cross-sectional studies support the notion that sufficient sleep promotes â€Å"health related behaviorsRead MoreVisual Media s Influence On Society1661 Words   |  7 Pagesfashion normally takes up seven and a half hours of each day. Of those seven and a half hours, most is spent in front of the television. Along with watching TV, video games and use of computers consume an hour for each (Media, Body Image, and Eating Disorders). Even though there are many contributing factors, visual mass media has a negative influence on American society. The increasing amount of mass media have contributed to the growing rate of difference in influence throughout time. Women

Gender Roles Of A Doll House By Henrik Ibsen - 1706 Words

Gender roles in dramatic works have seen as polarizing and stereotypical since the beginning of dramatic theatre. During the Greek festival of Dionysia, Greek male actors would don masks and other adornments, portraying male and female characters in performances. The female characters were typically written as mothers or wives, exhibiting flaws that made them inferior to their male counterparts. Aristophanes broke this trend with his feminist driven comedy Lysistrata. The Greek playwright built complicated, female characters who actively mocked the stereotype of being doting wives and lovers. Additionally, male roles were always heroic or deviant, with no in between. The portrayal of men and women in dramatic works was one-dimensional with†¦show more content†¦Depending on their natural characteristics, men and women were divided into ‘Separate Spheres’ (â€Å"Gender Roles in the 19th Century†). Men were expected to be providers, money-makers, and primar y decision makers. A women, perceived as illogical and hysterical, was instructed to reside at and provide a home for her family. Despite Queen Victoria having ascended to the English throne, Norway was governed by a male prime minister. Therefore, women continued to be seen as subservient to the men in their lives. Angels in America, set during the 1980s Reagan Administration, tells a complex story about identity and politics. This too was a time, dictated by men with seen women as secondary. President Reagan was deeply rooted in his conservative traditional views and did not support liberal progression. He saw no need for feminist advancements in the country and frequently voiced his opinion on the matter. Reagan expected men to work in government positions, while women, including his own wife, would stay home (â€Å"Women, Ladies, Girls, Gals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). However, society chose to progress and leave behind the close-minded president. When the AIDS epidemic broke, both males and females were targeted. The diseases exposed vulnerability and morality, proving there was no superior gender Nils Krogstad and Roy Cohn are two powerful men who thrive when in control. Nils has no hesitations towards blackmailing Nora in order to attain his goal. RoyShow MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsen Thesis Paper1049 Words   |  5 PagesIbsen Paper College English Mrs. Wright 2/1/13 Jake Pratt Life presents questions to every person that experiences it. Many of these question will forever remain unanswered. The social and psychological problems and questions that life throws at it attendants are stressed by one of the mid to late 1800 s best problem play authors, Henrik Ibsen. Ibsen spend most of his writing career exploring the human mind. He had a passion for the truth, and due to this he conveyed his thoughts throughRead MoreNora s Escape From Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House Essay2552 Words   |  11 Pages Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House follows Nora’s struggles to escape the firm grasp of her domineering husband. Throughout the novel, Nora is depicted as obedient to her husband, Torvald, and never dares to stand up to him. Torvald’s condescension and thinly veiled misogyny continuously confines Nora to her strict 19th century gender role. The title of Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House mirrors Nora’s sense of oppression an d lack of agency as she struggles to free herself from the strict gender rolesRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House1302 Words   |  6 Pages A Doll s House by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen is a play about the story of Nora Helmer, a childish woman who once borrowed money from a worker named Krogstad for the sole purpose of saving the life of her husband, Torvald Helmer. Her husband treated her like a child throughout their entire marriage due to his gender superiority and due to this treatment she leaves him at the end of the play. Most people view Nora Helmer as a feminist heroine due to her ability to stand up and break free fromRead More Societal Views of Women in the Victorian Era in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House887 Words   |  4 Pagesin the Victorian Era in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House A Doll’s House, by Henrik Ibsen, creates a peephole into the lives of a family in the Victorian Era. The play portrays a female viewpoint in a male-dominated society. The values of the society are described using the actions of a woman, Nora, who rebels against the injustices inflicted upon her gender. Women’s equality with men was not recognized by society in the late 1800’s. Rather, a woman was considered a doll, a child, and a servantRead MoreHenrik Ibsens A Dolls House1529 Words   |  7 PagesChristina Switch Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House questions the gender roles of women in society through its characters, namely Nora Helmer and Christina Linden, before and after marriage. What are gender roles exactly? Gender roles are the combination is specific gender stereotypes that consist of the perceptions of the society of what an ideal male/female should act like (Lindsey and Christy). This paper aims to question whether the gender roles of Nora Helmer and Christina Linden of Henrik Ibsens A DollsRead MoreHenrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House Essay example1182 Words   |  5 Pagesoppositions in a work of literature, is present in Henrik Ibsen’s 1879 Norwegian play A Doll’s House. The title itself suggests a misogynist view, while the work mainly consists of feminist ideology, as Ibsen was a supporter of the female as an independent, rather than a dependent on a male. Nora knew herself that her husband did not fully respect her, and this became a major conflict in the play as Nora progressively became more self-reliant in the play. 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The ideology in the nineteenth century of Norway’s was that men are hypothesized to be a breadwinner, where women need to take care of their children and stay home. Ibsen presents Helmer’s house as a middle class family, where Nora and Torvald seems to be living a happyRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1089 Words   |  5 Pagestraditional with its views on gender roles. The term gender role alludes to society s idea of how men and women are expected to act and behave. Gender roles are based on norms, or standards, created by society. In American society, â€Å"masculine roles have commonly been related with strength, aggression, and dominance, while feminine roles have traditionally been related with passivity, nurturing, and subordination† (sex roles/gender roles). In â€Å"A Doll’s House,† written by Henrik Ibsen, the readers are shownRead MoreA Doll s House By He nrik Ibsen1089 Words   |  5 Pagestraditional with its views on gender roles. The term gender role alludes to society s idea of how men and women are expected to act and behave. Gender roles are based on norms, or standards, created by society. In American society, â€Å"masculine roles have commonly been related with strength, aggression, and dominance, while feminine roles have traditionally been related with passivity, nurturing, and subordination† (sex roles/gender roles). In â€Å"A Doll’s House,† written by Henrik Ibsen, the readers are shown

The Effects Of Harlem Renaissance On The Street Branch Of...

...Our problem is to conceive, develop, establish an art era. Not white art painting black...let s bare our arms and plunge them deep through laughter, through pain, through sorrow, through hope, through disappointment, into the very depths of the souls of our people and drag forth material crude, rough, neglected. Then let s sing it, dance it, write it, paint it. Let s do the impossible. Let s create something transcendentally material, mystically objective. Earthy. Spiritually earthy. Dynamic. - Aaron Douglas.During the time of the harlem renaissance Aaron Douglas used his artwork to take pride in his african american culture. All of his artwork conveyed one common message and that was the role that African Americans played in society. All of this was seen in one of his major artworks which was the â€Å"Aspects of Negro Life,† mural on the 135th Street branch of the New York Public Library. Just before he became an african american advocate through his painting he had moved to Harlem June, 1925 and he had soon won a two year scholarship to work with German illustrator Weinhold Reiss who encouraged him to look to his African ancestry for artistic inspiration.Aaron Douglas felt that African Americans needed to become comfortable in their own skin and take pride into who the were at the time of the Harlem renaissance. So he began creating artwork that became an identity as to who he was and not being ashamed of being black but being proud and becoming apart of societyShow MoreRelatedHarlem Renaissance3262 Words   |  14 PagesHarlem Renaissance, a blossoming (c. 1918–37) of African American culture, particularly in the creative arts, and the most influential movement in African American literary history. Embracing literary, musical, theatrical, and visual arts, participants sought to reconceptualize â€Å"the Negro† apart from the white stereotypes that had influenced black peoples’ relationship to their heritage and to each other. They also sought to break free of Victorian moral values and bourgeois shame about aspects ofRead MoreAfrican Americans in American Society 1920s2619 Words   |  11 PagesHowever, in places such as Harlem, New York City, many African Americans were forced into small ghettos due to the unavailability of housing to them. Despite this, migration to the North meant that African Americans had become a powerful voting group, one that many white politicians took interest in (such as the Communist Party of America) and also pushed for civil rights of African Americans as they realised that racism was not just a Southern problem. Another side effect of the Great Migration,Read MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagessegregation and racial injustice in the United States. As the manager of an electric company and owner of a ranch and mines, Jim expressed contempt for black Americans who continued to submit to segregation and live in poverty. Langston Hughes, 1933 (Library of Congress) Langston was not ashamed of being a black American. He had already written poems celebrating his heritage. He felt connected to the oppressed brown people of the world and hated his father for mistreating his Mexican employees. Witnessing

Systematic Approach Dealing with Disabilities Free Essays

Dyslexia causes difficulties in learning to read, write and spell. Short-term memory, Math, concentration, personal organization and sequencing may also be affected. Dyslexia is a disorder which has various types and classifications. We will write a custom essay sample on Systematic Approach Dealing with Disabilities or any similar topic only for you Order Now The more commonly description of this disorder is the individual having difficulty with a written language. Dyslexia is a general term for other disabilities that may hinder a person’s learning curve. Dysorthographia, is a mental disability that affects visual and auditory information process and includes spelling difficulties. Dysgraphia affects handwriting. Dyscalculia affects the process of using numbers and manipulating them. As dyslexia is a common term for various disabilities, it is needed to carefully assess the subject in order to pinpoint the specific disability that they have (Winstanley 2006). Dyslexia Diagnosis Dyslexia will not be noticeable during the first three years of the child, but as soon as the child age and encounter numerous factors things may start to appear internally and externally. As the child ages and goes into society and then finally meet others in the same age group, factors became much more complex which the child may or not cope very well. Difficulties would show as the child with dyslexia faces new challenges and scenarios amongst their peers. They may show a different personality at home, around the parents, but would clearly show within a school environment. Within the home, the child may feel at ease so the need to try and outdo others is not present, thus not displaying the symptoms of dyslexia to their parents. On the other hand, when the child is in school and among his classmates, he would try to go throughout of the day without any burst of enthusiasm for the learning ahead and shyness would overcome him as his fellow classmates would race through and show more of a developing knowledge than he has .The child would soon distinguish that there is something with him and that the others would tease and make fun of him with his inability to excel in his studies. Further psychological test would be done in order to determine and check which type of dyslexia a child may have. Symptoms: Strong and Weak Points of Dyslexia Once a child or a person has been diagnosed with dyslexia, often times there are strong points, or symptoms, that appear to every individual like as follows: visual sensory; practicality; skillful; sports oriented; and have vivid imaginations. Recalling and follow instructions; organization skills; concentration; and verification are the common symptoms and weak points of a child or person may have. Besides showing a slow learning level curve, a child or an individual may start showing the following behavior: laziness; bad behavior; being clumsy; and even have personal and family issues. Solutions. There are no known cures of dyslexia and no amount of medication can prevent it as well. However, children with dyslexia can be assisted to attain their full potential despite their disability to learning. Teachers and teaching aides are detrimental for the development of the learning curve and potential of children with this disability. It would be the teachers’ discretion on what approach to use so that the children can cope and excel with their studies inside the school room. Teachers can use and garner help from students to buddy-up with children diagnoses with this disability in order to help motivate them. Recreating the environment of the classroom is another effective way of helping the children with dyslexia. Avoiding the overuse of bright and flashy colors; seating arrangements for the children in order for them to clearly see the board and their teacher; and as well as minimizing the distraction factors for the children to create a conducive learning environment for those afflicted with dyslexia. How to cite Systematic Approach Dealing with Disabilities, Papers

Effective Ways To Improve Interpersonal Relations

Question: The reflective journal provides you with the opportunity to reflect on your learning in this subject and its applicability to you as a manager and/or leader? Answer: Fundamentally, I feel that the relationship grows stronger and stronger when the individuals desire to disclose more about themselves and their working experiences. Surprisingly, I have realized that two people might work together for many years but may not know each other properly (Thon Jucks, 2014). For Instance, I and one of friend use to study in same school but never knew that we were classmates. Later on after coming to college, we realized that we studied in the same school. This happened when we started working in a team project. In various companies or in different professional areas, the culture encourages the coworkers not to share their feelings which make the communication process ineffective among themselves. Therefore, self-disclosure helps to be more supportive and open in such environment. In order to write this reflective journal, I had to research a lot. Thus, through research I came across various definition of Self-disclosure. I understood that self-disclosure is the procedure of letting other people knows about what you want, what you feel and what you think. This is one of the most significant ways to help other people know about you (Shih, Hsu, Yen Lin, 2012). Self-disclosure helps to build up the interpersonal relationships, resolve conflicts and improve communication. The self-disclosure is generally made by unconscious or conscious decisions like for example, we generally express or share our personal information with the counselors because we feel they can help us to solve our issues. Thus self-disclosure helps to build up relation and solve issues (Joinson, Reips, Buchanan Schofield, 2010). Various psychologists believe that the self-disclosure is a hallmark for building intimacy. Revealing emotions, values, goals, motive and intentions help to increase intimacy feel and liking (Hassija Gray, 2012). They believe that leaders who reveal their authentic selves to the followers not only build trust but also engender strong teamwork and greater cooperation. Thus from this I would say that it is a leadership competency, that everybody must try to acquire. Self-disclosure is based on fact (Einspanner, 2013). This can be discussed with a small example: Client: Can you brief me about your qualifications and training? Counselor: Sure, I am pursued my first year degree in psychology and working in this clinic as a part of advance training Client: How many clients have you checked this date? Counselor: Around 100 people since my under graduation training and around 8 people in my advance training This shows that it is very much important to be appropriate in professional nature. It is mainly used to build up strong relationship. Looking at the example, I feel that self-disclosure can civilize the connection between the client and the counselor and increase the intimacy and feeling of trust (Bareket-Bojmel Shahar, 2011). Disclosing relevant information would help to gain the confidence of other person you are interacting with, as client and counselor in the example. Thus looking at this example, I would like to discuss few advantages of self-disclosure in building relationship (Reece, Brandt Howie, 2011). Increases accuracy while communicating with other person: Self-disclosure helps to remove the guesswork from the process of communication. For instance, a person who is already frustrated due to work overload and is unable to balance work-life may see himself/herself trapped in that problem. However, a person who can solve the problem may not realize what is needed until spelled out properly. Revealing the accurate information influences the thinking process, develops a shared mental model which can facilitate good communication and improve the performance of the task. Increases authenticity: I feel that authenticity is very important for developing and building good relation. Thus it is necessary to maintain honesty, transparency and openness. Self-disclosure thus helps to build trust among the people you communicate. Build strong relations: By strengthening the interpersonal communication, self-disclosure helps to strengthen the relationship. Suppose, I am engaged in authentic and open dialogue with one of friends to understand his issues, then it helps to share concerns and common interest which means we develop a high regard for view we share with each other. This helps to make our friendship deeper. Increase self-awareness: Self-awareness is nothing but a foundation to analyze and understand owns emotions, drives and moods and its impact on another people. Self-disclosure helps to plan an effectual change that encourages modifying the communication style and also changing the behavior. Decreasing stress: Many psychologists states that keeping feeling and thoughts inside increases stress and inner tension in an individual as he/she gets too much emphasis on camouflaging own feelings and privacy. Self-disclosure helps to understand the stress factors and discuss the issues that help to transform the feeling of bitterness to feeling of better. As a coin has two sides, similarly, self-disclosure also has some disadvantages. Like showing less self-disclosure might result in suspicion and uncertainty in the feelings of person, similarly, high self-disclosure may lead to revulsion. Being too much disclosed makes the opponent become too comfortable. This sometimes makes the problem to remain unsolved. In case, if you are working as a counselor, the client might start seeing you as a friend instead of professional helper. Executed or poorly timed self-disclosure will lead to distrust. This can make the opponent or the person you are interacting with feel that you are impaired and not listening to his/her issue properly (Balon, 2007). Looking at these disadvantages, I would suggest people to focus on few theories before implementing self-disclosure. According to social penetration theory, people engage in a process of self-disclosure that is reciprocal in nature which changes the depth and breadth of a developed relationship. The depth refers to the sensitive and personal information and breadth refers to various issues or topics that can be discussed. This theory says that people balance the relationship through proper dialect and gradually penetrates through personalities of each other (Tang Wang, 2012). Then the social comparison theory states that people evaluate themselves through comparison with others. By disclosing the values and beliefs, one can determine if they are similar or different. In short, the disclosure helps to understand whether the person is interested in developing relation with another person or not (Howes, 2003). The final theory is the Johari Window. This theory helps to understand the u nknown, blind, hidden and open areas of self (Shenton, 2007). The below given figure shows four windows of Johari: Figure: Johari Window The first window is the open pane whether our information is known to others and also self. The bottom left window is the hidden where the information is known to self but others are not aware of that information. The upper right window is the blind window in which other people are aware about us but we our self lack in understanding self. Lastly, the bottom right window is the unknown area which contains information that neither known to other nor known to ourselves (Biech, 2008). Understanding all the theories and concepts of self-disclosure, I would like to comment that self-disclosure includes needs, feelings, thoughts and observations. Suppose, I say that I live in San Francisco but my move to London is a good decision shows that I am sharing my thought, similarly if I say that I am very happy staying in London, shows my feeling. Lastly If I say that may friend is in need of job and I have asked him to move to London shows the needs and observation. Thus this helps to maintain trust and increase intimacy. This reflective journal discusses the concepts of self-disclosure, how it is helpful in building relations and also analyzes the disadvantages of being highly self-disclosed. The author tries to relate the concept with three different theories social penetration theory, social comparison theory and Johari window in reflective journal. References Balon, R. (2007). Self-disclosure in Psychotherapy. Annals Of Clinical Psychiatry, 19(3), 205-207. doi:10.1080/10401230701557727 Bareket-Bojmel, L., Shahar, G. (2011). Emotional and Interpersonal Consequences of Self-Disclosure in a Lived, Online Interaction. Journal Of Social And Clinical Psychology, 30(7), 732-759. doi:10.1521/jscp.2011.30.7.732 Biech, E. (2008). The Pfeiffer book of successful team-building tools. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer. Einspanner, J. (2013). Privacy online: Perspectives on privacy and self-disclosure in the social web. New Media Society, 15(8), 1401-1402. doi:10.1177/1461444813500461a Hassija, C., Gray, M. (2012). Negative Social Reactions to Assault Disclosure as a Mediator between Self-Blame and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among Survivors of Interpersonal Assault. Journal Of Interpersonal Violence, 27(17), 3425-3441. doi:10.1177/0886260512445379 Howes, D. (2003). Sensual relations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Joinson, A., Reips, U., Buchanan, T., Schofield, C. (2010). Privacy, Trust, and Self-Disclosure Online. HHCI, 25(1), 1-24. doi:10.1080/07370020903586662 Reece, B., Brandt, R., Howie, K. (2011). Human relations. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Shenton, A. (2007). Viewing information needs through a Johari Window. Reference Services Review, 35(3), 487-496. doi:10.1108/00907320710774337 Shih, D., Hsu, S., Yen, D., Lin, C. (2012). Exploring the Individual's Behavior on Self-Disclosure Online. International Journal Of Human-Computer Interaction, 28(10), 627-645. doi:10.1080/10447318.2011.654198 Tang, J., Wang, C. (2012). Self-Disclosure Among Bloggers: Re-Examination of Social Penetration Theory. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking, 15(5), 245-250. doi:10.1089/cyber.2011.0403 Thon, F., Jucks, R. (2014). Regulating privacy in interpersonal online communication: The role of self-disclosure. Studies In Communication Sciences, 14(1), 3-11. doi:10.1016/j.scoms.2014.03.012

James Dyson A biography Essay Example

James Dyson A biography Paper Dyson ltd is a single man-made business; its’ founder and sole owner is James Dyson. He was born in 1947 and was brought up in the rural town of Norfolk. Both parents worked as teachers, James was expected to follow along his parents’ footsteps and become an academic however he chose to explore and identify his own path; that path led him to become the engineer he is today. He started his higher learning journey pursuing art at the Byam Shaw Art School in London. That journey soon came to a halt as the entrepreneur surrendered to his growing interest in design. This step led him to study at the Royal College of Art where he found his calling. He explored his passion for design under the mentorship of fellow Jeremy Fry whom encouraged the entrepreneur by allowing him to develop his design and engineering skills. It was also here that James found companionship with his art teacher Deirdre Hindmarsh whom he married in 1968. Still a student, James alongside Jeremy Fry developed several inventions. Most notable of which are the Sea Truck and Ball Barrow. Dyson operations Dyson ltd was established in 1992 and it manufactures some of the most innovative electrical home appliances. The first and major product was the Dyson DC01 vacuum cleaner. Dyson has a wide range of products, from vacuum cleaners to washing machines to dryers and heaters. However, vacuum cleaners are the company’s star product. According to The Guardian, in 2010 Dyson had a 40% share of the vacuum cleaners’ market (Finch, 2010) 1. Perseverance amidst setbacks However, the path to success was not an easy one. It took many years and 5,127 prototypes for James to get the product right (Chaey et al., 2011) 2. We will write a custom essay sample on James Dyson A biography specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on James Dyson A biography specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on James Dyson A biography specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When James finally had the finished product, his primary intention was to licence the product to other companies with big names. He met with many executives from companies such as Black Decker and Hoover but sadly his attempts to license the product failed time after time. James believed in the technology behind his vacuum cleaner and was determined to put the product on the market. James’ big break perhaps came when he was able to license his product in Japan under the product name of G-Force. This provided James with a push and made him more determined to put his product in the UK market. Not only that, but the returns on the license in the form of royalties are what enabled him to manufacture and sell the product in the UK (Dyson, 2012) 3. James’ vision of a â€Å"vacuum revolution† was in sight (Dyson, 2011) 4. Years of testing, product development and failed licensing attempts would have been enough to deter the average person from carrying on with their vision and their dream. Evidently, that was not the case with James Dyson as all these factors proved to become fruitful. Hoover was one of the companies that turned James down thinking that a bagless vacuum cleaner would not sell. Quite cynically, it was also Hoover that was sued by Dyson for infringement of its patent rights in 1999 after Hoover brought out the Triple Vortex model (Carruthers, 2007) 5. Childhood events foster entrepreneurialism Being an engineer, James has a keen eye for design and a mind that likes to challenge the way things work. He is always interested in producing something that is better and more efficient. That combined with the aggravation of having to settle for conventional goods are the internal driving forces that led him to set up Dyson ltd. However, his success cannot only be attributed to the factors mentioned. It was the financial and emotional support of his wife Deirdre that allowed him to persevere and dedicate himself to building what now is a hugely successful business. James lost his father at the age of 9; in an interview with Beard, he reveals that having suffered that loss made him feel very different and unusual, subsequently that created the need for him to prove himself (Beard, 2012). His determination is also drawn from his favourite sport; long distance running. Growing up, he was always keen on taking a challenge. James believes that what a person may lack in talent he may make up for in determination. In his autobiography, he shares that he was good at this sport not because he was physically fit but because he was more determined than others (Dyson, 2012) 7. James Dyson was able to create success because he has the building blocks of an entrepreneur as well as a solid support system around him. James was able to achieve personal success by setting up Dyson ltd, he was also able to achieve financial success as the Sunday Times placed him on their rich list with a fortune worth  1. 45bn (Sunday times, 2011) . His traits of determination, innovation, perseverance and risk taking allowed him to make a success of himself. Nonetheless, it is without a doubt that James would not have been able to reach his position if it weren’t for extrinsic factors. Working under the mentorship of Jeremy Fry allowed him to explore engineering and design. The unwavering support of his wife Deirdre also allowed him to focus on his goals and believe in his ideas.

schizophrenia3 essays

schizophrenia3 essays Schizophrenia is a serious, chronic mental disorder characterized by loss of contact with reality and disturbances of thought, mood, and perception. Schizophrenia is the most common and the most potentially sever and disabling of the psychosis, a term encompassing several severe mental disorders that result in the loss of contact with reality along with major personality derangements. Schizophrenia patients experience delusions, hallucinations and often lose thought process. Schizophrenia affects an estimated one percent of the population in every country of the world. Victims share a range of symptoms that can be devastating to themselves as well as to families and friends. They may have trouble dealing with the most minor everyday stresses and insignificant changes in their surroundings. They may avoid social contact, ignore personal hygiene and behave oddly (Kass, 194). Many people outside the mental health profession believe that schizophrenia refers to a split personality. The word schizophrenia comes from the Greek schizo, meaning split and phrenia refers to the diaphragm once thought to be the location of a persons mind and soul. When the word schizophrenia was established by European psychiatrists, they meant to describe a shattering, or breakdown, of basic psychological functions. Eugene Bleuler is one of the most influential psychiatrists of his time. He is best known today for his introduction of the term schizophrenia to describe the disorder previously known as dementia praecox and for his studies of schizophrenics. The illness can best be described as a collection of particular symptoms that usually fall into four basic categories: formal thought disorder, perception disorder, feeling/emotional disturbance, and behavior disorders (Young, 23). People with schizophrenia describe strange of unrealistic thoughts. Their speech is sometimes hard to follow because of ...

How to write for a global audience - Emphasis

How to write for a global audience How to write for a global audience The growth in global commerce means it is more likely than ever that your writing will have an international audience. Increasingly, we need to communicate with people who speak English as a second language, whether they are based in the UK or overseas. But your words can easily get lost in translation when writing for this readership, especially if you arent adapting your copy. To ensure all your readers fully understand your message, it is essential to make your writing as clear as possible, and bear some rules in mind. Emails between colleagues Even informal emails between co-workers need thinking about. Heres a reply to a colleague who has suggested you visit her office. Hi Mariela Thanks for the invitation. Phil and I are definitely up for it, but as its on the firms time, Ill need to get the go ahead from Tony Ill talk to him asap and get back to you. Jan At first sight this seems to be a perfectly clear email, but Mariela is a second-language speaker of English. This means we have to re-examine our writing. Language barriers Lets take a closer look at the language in the email to recognise the traps we can fall into: Clusters of meaningless words Phil and I are definitely up for it: the English language has hundreds of these clusters, eg put up with, look up to, top it up, which together have specific meanings. They are called phrasal verbs and we can often replace them with a one-word simple alternative, eg tolerate, admire, fill. Confusing words On the firms time: company or organisation are more recognisable words than firm in the context of work. Also, firm has more than one meaning, which could be confusing. And a literal translation of on the time wouldnt make sense. Colloquial expressions To get the go ahead: second-language speakers often enjoy these expressions once they know them. But we cant guarantee they know them yet. So, unless youre sure, avoid them. Abbreviations Asap: again, unless youre confident your reader knows the abbreviations, they will be meaningless. Heres a rewrite of the email: Hi Mariela Thanks for the invitation. Phil and I definitely want to come. Ill need to get Tonys permission as its during the working week. Ill talk to him as soon as I can and tell you what he says. Jan Its still informal and natural, but so much clearer to non-native English speakers.

Mount Carmel High School Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mount Carmel High School - Assignment Example The Mount Carmel High School is being launched to prepare students for the Crimson College. Till now, Crimson College has received students from other schools in the district. It will continue to receive other students. However, henceforth first preference will be provided to students from its own school, the Mount Carmel High School. The Mount Carmel High School is being launched as a premium school with modern methods of learning. The school will engage its students in critical thinking, analysis, research and other resources that will markedly depart from the traditional pedagogy teaching alone. The school is open to students of all culture and beliefs without discrimination on the basis of race and religion. Learning by appropriate use of pedagogy, interactive technology, group discussions, and analysis will be encouraged. Students will also be encouraged to be involved in arts, music, and learning foreign language. The learning curve with consist of medium that engages the students' interest from their early days in school. There will be extra curricular activities such as publishing of magazine, elocution, dance, and annual fair for the development of students' mental faculties. Activities are aimed with the child's all-round development in view. The school is expecting to start with the 6th grade with 80 students. This grade will be divided into four sections. So the teacher-students' ratio will be not more than twenty students per teacher at any given time. Curriculum The curriculum will consist of the key subjects, viz. language, mathematics, science, and social science. English will be the main language. Mathematics will comprise algebra and geometry. Students will have the options of studying the subjects through pedagogy, interactive technology or both. The options to study will be monitored regularly through appropriate tests. The students will be given enough time for learning and evaluations. The students will also be encouraged to engage in group discussions, make notes and evaluations and use these in determining answers. The school will have enough computers for the purpose of interactive learning. Introductions to each subject will be done by pedagogy. In case a student misses the introduction, he or she has the option to learn it from other students or seek the teacher's assistance after prior intimation (Primary Core Curriculum Studies, 2007). Teachers will keep note of individual learning skills and needs and engage students keeping these in view. It will be the teachers' responsibility that students learn chapters of different subjects within the prescribed time. In case certain students are unable to grasp

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 10

Human Resource Management - Essay Example In this respect, the company has contracted Valmax consultancy to conduct training needs assessment and subsequent training for the employees of Coca-Cola Company. In addition, the Coca-Cola Company offers training and development courses for its associates through the Coca-Cola University (CCU) that engages the associates in e-learning and classroom learning. Although the Coca-Cola Company has done well in training its employees, it needs to focus on the personal component of the training program and offer equal training opportunities for its staff across the globe. The Coca-Cola Company is the global leader in beverage production, distribution, and sale, with presence in virtually all countries in the world. Presently, the company produces over 500 brands of soft drinks and other beverages with the main ones being Diet Coke, Fanta, Coca-Cola Zero, Sprite, and Dasani. The company boasts as the leader in the production and distribution of sparkling beverages, juice drinks, and ready-to-drink coffees. Owing to the popularity and huge market share of the Coca-Cola Company, it has a distribution system that covers more than 200 countries. In addition, The Company employs hundreds of thousands of employees at various levels. Since the Coca-Cola Company does close to 2 billion servings of beverages on a daily basis, it requires well-trained and motivated employees who will deliver good results even when the market experiences a slump. With over 700,000 employees worldwide, the Coca-Cola Company commands a huge workforce that requires prudent human re source management through constant training and development of employees (Kurtz & Boone 2011, pp. 281). In order to enhance the performance of the company and make it retain the competitive edge that it has, the Human Resource Department at the Coca-Cola Company extends education to all its associates at various levels. The development and educational programs that the company offers ensures the realization of full

Royal Mail To Change Its Business Plan And Strategies Business Essay

Royal Mail To Change Its Business Plan And Strategies Business Essay Royal Mail HRM Strategies an Overview (2005-2010) Abstract: The rapid growth in the Digital Communication applications such as internet, fax, email, online shopping, and the Postal Service Act (2000), liberalization of market, drives Royal Mail to change its business plan and strategies to survive in the current dynamic completive postal market and in a broader way its future business is uncertain. This essay aims to depict the Royal Mail Human Resource Management (HRM) policies and strategies, and mainly focused for the period of 2005-2010. It also covers how Royal Mail is dealing with competition from the new entrants, and how it handled the recent credit crunch and its impact on the Royal Mail business. Introduction: In recent times, this group has been confronting with various problems. The group reported loses for several quarters. So, the government had asked the postal regulatory body Postal Service Commission (Postcomm1) to liberalize the postal market. Initially, in 2003 license were allotted to private company to handle the bulk mail. In 2006, the markets were fully liberalized and the group loses its monopoly2 status. All the licensed operators were able to deliver mails to both the residential and business customers. Postal Service in the UK: 1 An Independent regulatory body set p up in the year 2000, to regulate the postal service in UK 2 A dominant player in the postal service market with full control over the market. 3 http://www.royalmail.com. In spite of the advancement in the communication methods like internet, email and other electronic messaging options, people are trusting on postal service for sending parcel and letters and particularly in elderly, disabled, and the low income groups, and the small business sectors. Every week the group serves 20 million customers3 through its network of around 12000 post office branches and deliver some 400 million parcels a year through general logistics systems and parcel force . The universal service and the uniform pricing are the two important attributes of the Royal Mail postal service. Based on these attributes only the Universal Service4 Obligation (USO) was formed. As per the USO, the cost of delivering the letter is same irrespective of the location. To regulate the postal service in the UK, the Postal Service Act was put in place with the Postcomm. The main task of the Postcomm includes, 4Delivery every working day to every premises regardless of price and location , some exceptional conditions permitted by UK and Europe Union law. 5 Handling with customers complaints in the postal services and monitoring the standards and quality of the services provided by the Royal Mail. . Grant license to other companies. . Provisioning the uniform pricing and universal service. . Controlling Royal Mail pricing strategy and its quality of services. . Advising the government on the development in the post services. To watch dog the Royal Mail quality services, an independent organization Post Watch 5 was formed to monitor and control the quality standards. Royal Mail Group History: Royal Mail was established by Henry VIII, in 1516 under a Master of Post . Royal Mail was available to public in1635, with postage being paid by the recipient. In 1660, Charles II officially established the General Post Office (GPO). Telegraph services was introduced in 1840 by Royal Mail, and in 1912 the group started the telephone service. Post code was introduced in 1959. In 1969, the GPO became a public corporation from its existing government department. The post office made acquisition and partnership with German parcel, Katipos and TNT post group to enter into international market. In 2000, the company reported losses and it continued for several quarters. In 2001, the post office was renamed Consignia. In 2002, Consignia was renamed as Royal Mail group plc. The Royal Mail Group lost its monopoly status when the 2006 liberalization was introduced. In 2007, government proposed to privatize the group but the election, change in the government and the recent financial turmoil is the key factors for the postponement of the proposal without any further date. Literature Review: Over the years, it is apparent that organizations are considering Human Resource Management policies as the key factor to succeed in the business. HR department is acting as a strategic business partner within the organization to make the effective strategic business and human resource policies to achieve the organization goals and objectives, rather than managing the employees and payroll, as was conventionally the case. Senior HR practitioners and experts are more in demand in the today s corporate world. Through the years, there is lot of organizational level studies and research across the business sectors manifested measurable relationship between the effective HR practices (recruitment and selection, performance appraisal, rewards and recognitions, training and development) and business performance. According to Mark Huselid (Huselid, 1995) seminal study related the adoption of HR practices across 968 US companies with their financial performance (controlling for performance in previous years) . HRM authors such as Becker and Huselid (Becker and Huselid, 2006) emphasize the need for HR strategy to be clearly linked to the business strategy and for the constituent HR Practices to operate in a joined-up way, this being seen as key in order for the strategy to be focused on what matters, avoid duplication and optimize outcomes . Therefore HR function has vital role in understanding the stakeholder s business goals, transforming those into commercial business perspective and identifying the challenges and opportunities from the employee s perspective and address them in their final approach. Combs, et al. (2006) aggregated 92 large scale studies conducted at the organizational level to produce a robust analysis across a large sample. This research revealed that on an average, having a progressive HR system (e.g. objective selection, training, appraisals, employee surveys, etc.) related to an average of 4% higher revenue per employee where five or six major HR practices were in place within an organization . Business Model: Royal Mail Group operates through its subsidiaries Royal Mail, Post Office Limited, General Logistics Systems (GLS) and Parcel force worldwide. Royal Mail is responsible for collecting and delivering the mail in the UK and handles around 71 millions of letters and packages to 28 million addresses in every working day, in line with its unique Universal Service Obligation (USO). Producing and Designing the stamps and, philatelic products are also taken care by Royal Mail. The Post Limited: It has national net work across the UK. Larger post offices in urban area were directly managed by the Post office limited and other branches are managed by franchise partners. General Logistic Systems: Royal Mail acquired the General Logistic Systems in 1999 to enter into the European parcel market. GLS was market leader in the integration parcel distribution and express customer service in the European market. Parcelforce Worldwide: Parcelforce Worldwide is responsible for collecting and delivering the parcel and express packages throughout the world and in the UK for both the individual and business customers. Royal Mail Competition and Challenges: Royal mail is facing tough competition in postal market after the full liberalization act, and in particularly express package business. Its main competitors6 in the package delivery market are world net, Deutsche Post, TNT, UPS, and other airline which provide express package services. Most of its key competitors such as UPS, Deutsche Post, and TNT have large scale of operations, which could put Royal Mail at a competitive disadvantage . 6 http://www.datamonitor.com Though the letter market is declining due to the digital communication advancements, Royal Mail s profitability and efficiency is vital for the future of the UK postal sector and it also plays a major role in the UK economy and providing and safeguarding millions of jobs in the recent financial down turn, where as all other public and private sector firms are reducing its work force in large numbers.. But Royal Mail faces a lot of challenges. The group has been reporting looses for several quarters, and its pension deficit is widening; Modernization process is being very slow and also the tough competition from the new entrants in the domestic and European markets are constantly increasing. The culture change is one of the biggest challenges Royal Mail has been facing from quite some time. It required consistent high quality delivery from everyone in the company, value for money. According to, Adam Crozier7, Royal Mail must have the freedom and flexibility to set the right prices, based on real costs. If that happens, I think the new competitive environment will succeed. Competitors are already targeting profitable business mail. We need to compete with them on price as well as service if we are to keep the universal service8 in business . Improving the Customer Service: One of the main objectives for the Royal Mail was to reach everyone, everywhere, more than any other business in the UK through its mail, post office, and parcel and package business services . There were many complaints from customers about loss of letters but after working with Post Watch, the quality and service standards were improved when compared to the previous years. Price is the predominate factor in the competition. New entrants are providing higher value services with the modern technologies. Royal Mail has to offer high standard services to the customers. IT Initiatives: 7 The CEO Of Royal mail (2003-2010(June) ) 8 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4274335. To modernize its services and operations, Royal Mail streamlined its IT departments in collaboration with BT and Xansa. Royal Mail web based customers are growing vastly, so to improve the communication with online users. Royal Mail has also implemented the SAP 9Software to main its sales order and other process. As part its IT initiatives the group introduced the recruitment and employment process through online. Financial Crisis Impact on Royal Mail: 9 SAP Systems, Application and Products in data processing. ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) software to automate the customer and payment details . 10 Royal Mail Holdings plc Annual Report and Financial Statements for the period 0f 2009-2010 Royal mail made good progress in (2008-2010), when compare on the previous year records. Due to the subprime mortgage crisis, all the major economies are suffering from the so- called credit crunch. Royal mail made profit, despite when the world economy in downturn and the mail market is declining in UK and in all part of the globe. Due to the weak global market conditions, the group revenue dipped to 9,349 million 10in first time in a decade, but all it is four business groups (mail, post office, GLS, parcel force worldwide) made in profits through their pricing strategy and good customer service. Royal Mail implemented modernization and efficiency measures to automate the mail processing and the agreement the made with Communication Workers Union (CWU) also made positive impact among its employees. Business unit performance External Revenue Operating profit/Loss* M M 2010 2009 2008 2010 2009 2008 Royal Mail Letters GLS Parcelforce Worldwide Post Office Limited Other businesses Group 6,564 6,707 6,830 121 58 (3) 1,487 1,495 1,232 112 124 114 399 399 379 17 12 8 838 908 911 72 41 (34) 61 51 36 82 86 77 9,349 9,560 9,179 404 321 162 Source: Royal mail financial repots Royal Mail HR Approach and Strategies: To modernize the organization and create world class HR function, McCarthy 11 was appointed as the director in 2003. According to him, there was lack in coherent HR strategy which was characterized by disparate spread of HR professional across the group . The group spent most of its cost on employment. Royal Mail reduced its HR employee strength from 3700 to 2400 and saved 57 million in two years span. There were only few HR specialists and experts in the entire organization. The HR functions were separated and payroll was the only centralization team. Profitability, Modernization, Efficiency and Employee Relationship are the key words for success of any public limited company. Developing the good HR frame work and strategy are vital for the public limited organization like Royal Mail to sustain in the today s globalized competitive postal market. Due to the advancement in the technologies, communication industry changed quickly. Internet, fax and other electronic options are dominating the traditional letters. Managing the huge work force and trade union royal are the challenging task for Royal Mail, in particular to the HR Managers. With strong HR strategic plans and polices, Royal Mail can handle their workforce effectively. Royal Mail HR Metrics: 11Royal Mail HR director(2005), http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2005/01/25 . People Strategies . Organizational Development . Shared Services The main goal of the HR team is to build strong HR strategies and polices to manage and retain the human resources. It includes Recruitment and Selection, Learning, Career development, Rewards and Recognition. Organizational Development and effectiveness are the main objectives to provide the zero tolerance work place and working closely with the business partners and HR directors. The training team conducts the leadership, personal and career development programs to improve the leadership qualities and other work related trainings. Royal Mail s people strategy key areas: . Creating meaningful, challenging jobs with flexible working structure; . Treating customers with value and respect; . Building the organization to improve and respond according to the changes in the market and environment; . Recruiting and developing the core potentialities to prosper in the open competitive market; . Recruiting and developing the leadership capabilities to deliver the goals and to retain the talent to contend successfully. Royal Mail HR Practices: Recruitment and Selection: Royal mail follows equal opportunity as an employer. Employment practices are based on regardless of age, sex, disability, race, color, religion, and sexual orientation. Royal Mail employs diverse mix of people who reflect the communities where we live and work. At Royal mail, selection and recruitment goes on for both the experienced professionals and fresh graduates. Different type of jobs are available; permanent, part-time, apprenticeship, and seasonal (Christmas) jobs. Training and Development: Royal Mail believes in training and development. So, the training team organizes various training programs for their employees which includes from starting induction training to the customized individual training suits12 through the on job training, mentoring, e- learning, and coaching. Major training programs provided by Royal Mail are 12 http://www.royalmail.com/portal/rm/content1?catId=24400706mediaId=24400710 . Information Technology . Health Safety . Communication Skills . Performance Management . Project Management . Leadership Skills The group also has self learning centers where employees can utilize different packages according to their needs, and Royal Mail is having partnership and link with different local institutes to improve the skills of their employees; with various external trainings. Compensation and Benefits: Royal Mail offers compensation package based on the employees skills and experience. To attract the skilled employees, Royal Mail offers good compensation package based on the type of the employment status like full time or part time, and Permanent or contract. Royal Mail offers the following benefits to all the employees based on their employment type.13 13 http://www.royalmail.com/portal/rm/content1?catId=24500655mediaId=16000174 14 http://www.ocp.co.uk/_Attachments/Re http://www.ocp.co.uk/_Attachments/Resources . Health and Welfare . Holiday Entitlement . Basic pay/allowance . Pension . Time Out . Benefits /discounts/ ongoing discounts . Support for Disabled Applicants Performance Management: Performance Management is an effective method to analyze the employees potential and capabilities, if it is properly implemented. Measuring the performance of the employee is an indicator of the success of the organization. Royal mail introduces new performance management practices14. The objectives of the programs were to: 1.introduce a set of common validated numerical indicators which had been standardized for similar units/businesses. 2. Apply the Pareto principle and exception reporting. 3. Create a focus on looking forward, forecasting improvements (rather than a backward-looking blame culture) . Work life Balance (Flexible working): Royal Mail is offering the flexible working option. This includes where employees are allowed to work from home for their personal commitments, leaving early for the child care and compensating the time as per the business needs. It generally gives moral support to the employees and the best way to recruit and retain the talent resources which in turn improve the productivity. Corporate Social Responsibility: Royal Mail strongly believes in serving to society. Royal Mail and its employees play important role in serving to the community. Royal Mail s ambition is to become the leading organization in corporate responsibility is a priority of our Chief Executive and every one of our Managing Directors . Employees also fund to the good cause via their payroll regularly. Royal Mail also takes part in controlling the climate change using renewable source electricity to make the environment green. It raised 1.8 million15 via charitable donations in 2009. As a leader in corporate social responsibility initiatives, the group won the following awards in the last two years. BITC Example of Excellence (Healthy Workplace Award) 2009 Shortlisted for Personnel Today Awards2009 Award for Health at Work Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents Awards 2009 Gold Award, Safety Institute of Fundraising Awards 2008 Winner, Best Use of Payroll Giving Award Winner Quality in Print Media Environmental Award, Quality in Print Awards 2008 . Findings and Suggestions: 15 ww.royalmailgroup.com/portal/rmg/content1 . Prioritizing the HR strategy according to the key business goals and objectives. . Identifying the challenges and opportunities to moving ahead. . Develop and define the HR strategy backed by strong analysis with good HR metrics. . Reviewing the defined strategies and approaches with stake holders and business partners. . Finalize the HR polices and strategies. . Building the right-sized productive work force to achieve the business goals. . Automate and standardize the mail process with modern technologies and equipments to compete in the business market with skilled and efficiency workforce where the market and environment is changing rapidly. . Analyzing the data with help of employee and customer satisfaction survey, opinion pool and feedback data. Understanding the external market environment and competitor strategies is important while framing the HR policy. HR metrics will vary with each organization depending upon their vision and mission statements. Metrics should be cover the organization goals, rather than following the best industry practice. Stakeholders and business partners should be engaged while framing the strategy, to make the strategy effective. Conclusion: Due to the advancement in digital technologies and internet, the postal industry and market is changing quickly. Mailing market is declining and online shopping and other commercial activities through internet are growing speedily. So, Royal Mail has to modernize and restructure their business strategies to survive in the liberalized competitive market place. As many studies, research, and survives demonstrated the strong relationship between the good HR strategic policy and the business performance. So, Royal Mail has to develop the strong HR policies and strategies to streamline the HR practice to achieve the organizational objectives and goals. Implementing the effective HR strategies in public organization like Royal Mail is very challenging task for HR mangers and, where trade union and pension problems are widening year by year. The strong determination from the HR mangers, top management, regulatory bodies, and the government can help the Royal Mail to implement the HR and business strategies to shape the UK postal industry and economy and in particularly in the current economic crisis condition where unemployment is already in peak.